Difference between revisions of "Addition"

From TI-99/4A-Pedia
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(105 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
'''''Addition and Subtraction 1''''' teaches and tests students on addition and subtraction mathematics involving single digits, those from 0 to 9. It is an excellent resource for early mathematics students, giving them an opportunity to learn basic math skills in a fun and entertaining way that hardly feels like learning. Addition and Subtraction 1 was programmed and published by [[Thomas Hartsig]], and distributed by [[:Category:Scott Foresman|Scott Foresman]] for use on the TI-99/4A. It was released during the [[:Category:1981 Software|second quarter of 1981]] and distributed on the [[:Category:Solid State Software Command Module|Solid State Software<sup>TM</sup> Command Module]]. Addition and Subtraction 1 is also able to take advantage of the add-on [[Solid State Speech Synthesizer|Solid State Speech<sup>TM</sup> Synthesizer]] (sold separately) to enhance the educational experience of the program. Addition and Subtraction 1 originally retailed for $54.95 (USD) for the Scott Foresman version and $39.95 (USD) for the Texas Instruments version.
+
'''Addition''' is an [[:Category:Educational|educational]] software title developed for the TI-99/4a to teach and tutor young children about addition facts and skills. It was programmed by [[John Plaster]]. It was released on [[:Category:Solid State Software Command Module|Solid State Software<sup>TM</sup> Command Module]] during the [[:Category:1982 Software|fourth quarter of 1982]]. It was published by[[:Category:Milliken|Milliken publishing]] and was originally sold for $39.95 (USD). This cartridge makes up on title is a group of title called the Milliken Math Sequences.
  
 
{{Infobox video game
 
{{Infobox video game
Line 9: Line 9:
 
| alt = Addition Manual Front Cover
 
| alt = Addition Manual Front Cover
 
| caption = Addition (Front Cover) <ref>{{cite web|title=TI99ers On-Line User Group: TI-99 Cartridge Listing|url=http://www.ti99ers.org/timeline/cartbytitle.html#A}}</ref>
 
| caption = Addition (Front Cover) <ref>{{cite web|title=TI99ers On-Line User Group: TI-99 Cartridge Listing|url=http://www.ti99ers.org/timeline/cartbytitle.html#A}}</ref>
−
| publisher = [[Milliken ]]
+
| publisher = [[Milliken]]
 
| part = PHM 3090
 
| part = PHM 3090
 
| programmer = [[John Plaster]]
 
| programmer = [[John Plaster]]
Line 23: Line 23:
 
A self-paced addition "tutor" to help your child develop strong math skills for today's challenges. Suitable for children from kindergarten to grade eight.
 
A self-paced addition "tutor" to help your child develop strong math skills for today's challenges. Suitable for children from kindergarten to grade eight.
  
−
===Triton Catalog - Spring 1984===
+
===Triton Catalog - Fall 1984===
−
The first module in the highly successful series by this leading publisher. Teaches basic skills, with drills for reinforcement. Speech increases the fun element. Grade 1. (Speech Synthesizer recommended.)
+
. . . provides painless drills in the basics. Children pace themselves, proceeding to more difficult levels only when ready . . . all the while experiencing color graphics and "reward" sound effects that keep them motivated.
  
 
<!--        Manual        -->
 
<!--        Manual        -->
Line 32: Line 32:
 
<div style="padding:0.6em">
 
<div style="padding:0.6em">
  
−
===Introduction===
+
===Quick Reference Guide===
−
This [[:Category:Solid State Software Command Module|Solid State Software<sup>TM</sup> Command Module]] is designed to be used with the Texas Instruments Home Computer. Its preprogrammed solid-state memory
+
To take full advantage of the features and benefits of this cartridge, please read this manual completely. Important keystroke sequences are summarized here for your quick reference.
−
expands the power, versatility, and capability of your Home Computer.
+
{|
 +
|-
 +
| '''ENTER''' || ||  Proceeds to next problem or continues problem after an incorrect answer has been given. Proceeds to the next step of a problem in the "Let Me Help You" feature. Also used to enter Beginning Level and Name.
 +
|-
 +
| '''SPACE BAR''' || ||  Tells the computer you want to use the regrouping (carrying) option.
 +
|-
 +
| '''E''' || ||  Tells the computer you want to quit ("exit") the work session or leave a particular level.
 +
|}
  
 +
===A NOTE TO PARENTS===
 +
Children need strong math skills to solve today's and tomorrow's problems. The Milliken Math Sequences, along with the Tl Home Computer, can help your child meet these challenges. The series allows children to work at their own pace and on the skill level at which they need practice. Children find that learning with the computer is fun, challenging, and motivating. The computer never tires of repetition or loses patience - it's like having a private math tutor!
  
−
Copyright © 1981 Texas Instruments Incorporated<br>
+
The Milliken Math Sequences, developed for Texas Instruments by Milliken Publishing Company, consists of twelve Solid State Cartridges. Each cartridge concentrates on a different skill area in mathematics, such as addition, subtraction, decimals, or
−
Command Module program and data base contents<br>
+
fractions. By providing different levels of difficulty, the series is suitable for children from the kindergarten age through grade eight.
−
copyright © 1981 [[Scott Foresman|Scott, Foresman and Company.]]<br>
 
−
See important warranty information at back of book.<br>
 
  
−
===Note to Parents===
+
The Addition cartridge is divided into 60 levels of difficulty, covering material generally taught in kindergarten through grade four. The program provides practice in adding whole numbers (numbers with no fractional part). Children begin adding one-digit numbers and advance level by level until they add four-digit numbers. Problems are presented both vertically and horizontally. At more difficult levels (levels 26-60), children practice "regrouping" ("carrying") numbers from one column to
−
Numbers hold a particular fascination for children, and they see an understanding of numerical concepts as a link to growing up. It's an important advantage for children to be introduced to mathematical skills at a young age, when their natural curiosity and interest is at a high level.
+
another.
  
−
The Addition and Subtraction 1 Solid State Software<sup>TM</sup> Command Module is designed to provide your child with a positive introduction to mathematics. It was developed by the educational staff of Scott, Foresman and Company (a leading educational publisher) in cooperation with the staff of the Texas Instruments Learning Center. The activities are fun and, at the same time, challenging. By working through and mastering each activity, your child gains skills in basic
+
===Addition===
−
addition and subtraction facts.
+
The Addition cartridge offers several special features that increase its motivational and reinforcement value:
  
−
The module begins by teaching the basic concept of counting to nine. Step-by-step, the principles of addition and subtraction, with the numbers zero through nine, are introduced. Your child watches and listens to tutorial problems at the beginning of each activity. The computer then provides the choice of continuing with more example problems or moving on to the practice drill. In this way, learning progresses at your child's own pace.  
+
* Colorful, rewarding graphics and sound effects that appear in response to correct answers.
 +
* An unintimidating, try-again approach to incorrect answers.
 +
* A progress report posted at the bottom of the screen.
 +
* Periodic reviews to maintain skill mastery.
 +
* A "help" feature that displays the problem step by step until the final answer is found.
 +
* Advancement to the next level if problems are answered correctly, or automatic return to a lower level if your child needs more practice.
 +
* A special regrouping feature to help students understand the concept of carrying from one column to another.
 +
* Report screens personalized with your child's name at the end of each level's activities.
 +
* An "Exit" screen with a complete report on your child's score at the end of the work session.
  
−
The module contains nine activities.
+
===YOUR CHILD AND THE COMPUTER===
−
* COUNTING BARS introduces the counting concept for the numbers zero through nine.
+
The Texas Instruments Home Computer is a rugged, durable device designed for easy use and care. Give the computer the same good care and respect you would give a television set, record player, radio, or any piece of electronic equipment:
−
* GETTING READY reinforces the counting skills for the numbers zero through nine by counting objects.
 
−
* ADDITION ACTION moves objects together to form the horizontal addition problem and then displays the related word sentence.
 
−
* ADD ANOTHER WAY changes horizontal problems into the vertical format.
 
−
* SUBTRACTION ACTION introduces the fundamentals of horizontal subtraction problems.
 
−
* SUBTRACT ANOTHER WAY presents a smooth transition from the horizontal in to the vertical format.
 
−
* ACROSS AND DOWN provides further practice with horizontal and vertical problems, in both addition and subtraction, using a complete-the-table drill.
 
−
* ADDITION TABLE reinforces the addition concept with a practice game.
 
−
* SUBTRACTION TABLE reviews the concept of subtraction with another practice game.
 
  
−
The Addition and Subtraction 1 module advances your child to more difficult drills according to the number of correct responses given in each activity. The computer automatically advances to the next activity if your child answers 80 percent of the drill problems correctly. If less than 60 percent of the problems are answered correctly, the computer returns to the appropriate previous activity, providing your child with more practice. This automation helps to alleviate anxieties caused by consistently incorrect responses, thus making the learning of mathematical skills a pleasurable and rewarding experience.
+
# Keep snacks and beverages away from the console.
 +
# Don't hammer on the keyboard or place heavy objects on it.
 +
# Don't touch the cartridge contacts. These are recessed in the cartridge to help prevent accidental soiling and/or damage.
 +
 
 +
The letters and numbers on the keyboard are arranged in the same order found on standard typewriter keyboards. If your child is not familiar with a typewriter or has not used your Home Computer before, take a few minutes to acquaint him or her with the keyboard. Point out the row of number keys at the top and the rows of letter keys below. Show your child how to insert the cartridge and select the activities. This brief "tour" of the computer will help reinforce correct procedures and instill
 +
confidence as your child starts out in a new world of computers.  
  
−
With this module, Texas Instruments continues its tradition of applying innovative Solid State Speech<sup>TM</sup> technology to educational activities. Addition and Subtraction 1 is designed to work with or without the Texas Instruments Solid State Speech<sup>TM</sup> Synthesizer (sold separately). However, the Speech Synthesizer must be attached to activate the voice of the computer. The computer's voice then gives directions, reads the equations, and encourages your child to "Try again" when he or she gives an incorrect answer. The addition of speech strengthens the learning process since your child can hear, as well as see, the correct answers.
+
Today, computers are involved in almost every aspect of life. Working with this cartridge can help your child become familiar with computers and their operation. Since computer-enhanced instruction is more common in the classroom every year, this
 +
knowledge can give your child an important advantage.
  
−
===Your Child and the Computer===
+
===A SAMPLE ACTIVITY===
−
The Texas Instruments Home Computer is a rugged, durable device designed for easy use and care. Teach your child to give the computer the same good care and respect he or she would give a television set, record player, radio, or any piece of electronic equipment:
 
−
# Keep snacks and beverages away from the console.
 
−
# Don't hammer on the keyboard or place heavy objects on it.
 
−
# Don't touch the module contacts. These are recessed in the module to help prevent accidental soiling and/or damage.
 
  
−
The letters and numbers on the keyboard are arranged in the same order found on standard typewriter keyboards. If your child is not familiar with a typewriter or has not used your Home Computer before, take a few minutes to acquaint him or her with the keyboard. Point out the row of number keys at the top and the rows of letter keys below. Show your child how to insert the module and how to select the activities. This brief "tour" of the Computer will help reinforce the correct procedures for your child and instill confidence as he or she starts out in a new world of computers.
+
For easy use, directions are displayed on the screen throughout all the levels. This sample activity, however, can help to illustrate the way the program works.
  
−
Today, computers are involved in almost every aspect of life. Working with this module can help your child become familiar with computers and their operation. Since computer-aided instruction is more common in the classroom every year, this knowledge can give your child an important advantage.
+
====Let's Begin====
  
−
===Sample Activity===
+
When the Milliken title screen appears, press any key to begin. The screen then prompts you to enter the Beginning Level. Select any level from 1 to 60 by typing the number and then pressing '''ENTER'''. For this example, press 3 and '''ENTER'''. Next, the screen asks for Name. Type your child's name (up to ten letters long) and press '''ENTER'''.
−
After the Addition and Subtraction 1 title screen appears, the computer displays a selection list of the nine activities in the module.
 
  
−
Your child presses the number corresponding to the activity he or she wants to try. For this sample activity, press 3 for Addition Action. (We'll assume that the Speech Synthesizer is attached for this example.)
+
Now an addition problem is displayed on the screen. A flashing question mark shows where the answer will go, and the directions on the screen tell you to "Enter the correct number." A progress report appears across the bottom of the screen, with
 +
the following meanings:
  
−
[[File:A&S1MenuScreen.png|400px|center|thumb|Addition & Subtraction 1 Menu Screen]]
+
::PL = Problem Level
 +
::TC = Total Correct
 +
::TP = Total Problems
 +
::AVG = Average
  
−
Next, the tutorial segment begins. Two boxes containing objects appear on the screen. The numbers and words corresponding to the number of objects are positioned below each box.
+
As your child works through the problems, these figures are updated to report his or her progress. TC, TP, and AVG are automatically reset to zero at the beginning of each level.
  
−
The objects join together in the left-hand box while the numbers form an addition sentence below. The corresponding word sentence then appears, and the computer reads it aloud.
+
====Entering Answers====
  
−
The next display asks your child if he or she would like to see another example. Your child may press 1 for "Yes." If he or she is ready to go on to the drill, press 2 for "No." For now, press 2. Then press BEGIN to leave the drill and return to the activity selection list.
+
Let your child answer a few problems as you observe. He or she simply presses the correct number from the top row of keys. If the answer to be entered is more than one digit, the right-most digit must be entered first, as indicated by the flashing question mark. In other words, problems must be solved from right to left, just as they would be in the traditional pencil-and-paper method. This method reinforces the correct order of problem solution. (When selecting Beginning Level numbers, enter from left to right.)
  
−
[[File:A&S1-PlusScreenshot.png|400px|center|thumb|Addition and Subtraction Sample Screen]]
+
====How the Computer Responds====
  
−
===Special Features===
+
If the problem is answered correctly, an animated picture appears. Your child then presses ENTER to continue to the next problem. If the problem is answered incorrectly, the computer returns a screen message and encourages your child to press
 +
'''ENTER''' to try again. If a second incorrect answer is given, the screen border turns red and flashes. To continue, your child presses '''ENTER''' again, and the computer gives the answer, with a message to "Study the Answer." When your child presses '''ENTER''' again, the next problem appears.
  
−
====Cursor====
+
====Advancing or Moving Back====
−
The "cursor" is displayed as a white box with a flashing red border. It prompts your child to respond. When the cursor is flashing, you may answer a problem or change displays.
 
  
−
====Rewards====
+
If your child answers five of the previous six problems correctly, a "Good News" report is displayed. He or she then advances to the next level. If three problems in a row are answered incorrectly, a "Bad News" report appears, and your child moves
−
Each time your child gives a correct answer on the first or second try, the computer responds with one of three visual rewards accompanied by a short tune. Also, in Activity 9 a gold star appears on the screen each time your child answers a set of problems correctly. These rewards reinforce correct answers and help motivate your child to continue.
+
back one level.
  
−
====Error Signals====
+
====Changing Levels====
−
Special care has been taken to make the response to incorrect answers low-key and non-intimidating. If your child presses an incorrect answer, a red "X" appears over the response, and an "uh-oh" sound tells your child that he or she has selected an incorrect response. Then, the incorrect response and the "X" erase. Next, the computer tells your child to "Try again" and the cursor flashes again on the display. If the second response is correct, your child gets the visual and musical
 
−
reward for that activity. If the second response is incorrect, a red "X" appears over the response and the computer supplies the correct answer.
 
  
−
====Remediation====
+
You can change levels any time the question mark is flashing. To leave this level, simply press the letter E for "exit." An "Exit" screen appears, which reports on your child's progress. Press '''ENTER''' to return to the title screen.
−
In activities 1 through 7, your child has two chances to answer each problem in the drill segment. After the second incorrect response, the computer works through the problem step-by-step, showing how to arrive at the answer. In activities 8 and 9, the computer moves to a tutorial example after one incorrect response. Following activities 8 and 9, a list of up to 32 problems which were answered incorrectly appears with the message "Study these for next time!"
 
  
−
====Time Out====
+
Let's try another level. Press any key to go to the "Levels 1-60" screen. This time, enter 26 (from left to right) as the Beginning Level. Then type your child's name again, and press '''ENTER''' to continue.
−
The computer says and displays "Your turn" at the beginning of each drill activity. If no response is given in ten seconds, the computer gives a short beep and says "Your turn." After five more seconds, the computer beeps again and says "What is the number?" If there is still no response, the computer automatically provides more tutorial review. If the Speech Synthesizer is not attached, the computer gives a short beep and displays either "Your turn" or "What is the number?"
 
  
−
===Addition and Subtraction 1 Activities===
+
====Regrouping====
−
Addition and Subtraction 1 is divided into nine activities designed to illustrate the basic principles of addition and subtraction with the numbers zero through nine. Since each activity builds upon the skills learned in the previous activities, it is best that your child starts with Activity 1 Counting Bars and works through the sections in order. The module automatically advances through the activities in their intended sequence. After your child has worked with the module and has mastered the activities, he or she may wish to skip around to a favorite or more challenging drill. Each activity begins with a tutorial routine and lets your child proceed to the drill when he or she is ready.
+
At Level 26 your child is given the choice of regrouping (carrying) visually on the screen or of regrouping mentally without displaying the process. To use the regrouping option, press the '''SPACE BAR''' when instructed on the screen. A small question mark appears above the column to which the value is being carried or regrouped. Type the number to be carried, add the digits in that column, and type the sum. The regrouping option is offered whenever appropriate in Levels 26 through 60 (no regrouping necessary in Levels 35, 36, and 41).
  
−
====Activity 1: Counting Bars====
+
===="Let Me Help You"====
−
The first activity introduces the concept of counting from zero to nine. In the tutorial segment, stacks of boxes appear on the screen one at a time, and the computer counts them. In the drill, your child is asked to press the number key corresponding to the number of boxes in each stack.
 
  
−
====Activity 2: Getting Ready====
+
Now let's try the "Let Me Help You" feature. On the next problem, deliberately enter a wrong answer twice. When the border flashes red, press '''ENTER''' and the message "Let Me Help You" is displayed. Keep pressing '''ENTER''' as the computer completes the problem step by step, including regrouping, until the final answer is found. Thus, if your child has difficulty with a particular problem, the computer demonstrates the solution.  
−
Activity 2 reinforces the counting concept by counting pictures of objects. Two large boxes containing objects appear on the display. The objects in each box are counted, and the corresponding number is displayed under the box. In the following drill, the computer displays "How many?", prompting your child to press the key corresponding to the number of objects in each box.
 
  
−
====Activity 3: Addition Action====
+
Continue to observe as your child works through the problems and gains familiarity with the program's operations.
−
Addition Action stresses the "bringing together" concept of addition using pictures of objects. Two boxes containing objects appear on the display. The objects in the box on the right move into the left box. The corresponding addition problem appears on the display, and the computer supplies the sum. A word sentence reinforces the concept. The drill asks your child to answer the addition problems.
 
  
−
====Activity 4: Add Another Way====
+
===SKILL LEVELS===
−
Activity 4 forms a vertical addition sentence from a horizontal sentence. Your child is then asked to answer the vertical addition problems.
 
  
−
====Activity 5: Subtraction Action====
+
This chart can help you find the appropriate starting level for your child. By looking at the sample problems and the skill description, select a level that is not too easy, but also not too difficult, for him or her. If in doubt, start at a lower level and work up from there. You may wish to select a REVIEW level first to see if your child has mastered the skill levels up to that point. A glossary is provided on page 14.
−
Subtraction Action moves a random number of objects out of a box to illustrate the "moving apart" concept of subtraction. One box containing objects appears on the display. Some of the objects leave the box and move to the right. The corresponding subtraction sentence appears on the display, with the computer supplying the answer. In the drill, your child is asked to solve the subtraction problems.
 
  
−
====Activity 6: Subtract Another Way====
+
{| style=" cellpadding="10"
−
The sixth activity changes a horizontal subtraction problem into a vertical one. Your child is asked to solve the vertical subtraction problems.
+
|-
 +
| style="width: 10%"|'''Level'''  || style="width: 15%"|'''Sample Problem''' || style="width: 75%"|'''Skill Description'''
 +
|-
 +
| 1 || [[File:2+1.png|50px]] || Adding two numbers with sums through 6.
 +
|-
 +
| 2 || [[File:3+2.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 3 || Review ||
 +
|-
 +
| 4 || [[File:3 + 4.png|50px]] || Adding two numbers with sums from 7 through 10. 
 +
|-
 +
| 5 || [[File:1 + 6.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 6 || [[File:2+1.png|50px]] || Adding two numbers with sums from 0 through 10.
 +
|-
 +
| 7 || [[File:3 + 6.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 8 || Review ||
 +
|-
 +
| 9 || [[File:2+5+1.png|70px]] || Adding three numbers with sums through 10.
 +
|-
 +
| 10 || [[File:1 + 4 + 2.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 11 || [[File:5 + 6.png|50px]] || Addin two numbers with sums from 10 to 13.
 +
|-
 +
| 12 || [[File:7 + 3.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 13 || Review ||
 +
|-
 +
| 14 || [[File:9 + 5.png|50px]] || Adding two numbers with sums from 14 to 18.
 +
|-
 +
| 15 || [[File:7 + 8.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 16 || [[File:9 + 6.png|50px]] || Adding two numbers with sums from 10 to 18.
 +
|-
 +
|17 || [[File:7 + 8.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 18 || Review ||
 +
|-
 +
| 19 || [[File:10 + 2.png|55px]] || Adding two numbers with sums from 10 to 18. One addend = 10.
 +
|-
 +
| 20 || [[File:10 + 6.png|30px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 21 || [[File:3 + 7 + 2.png|70px]] || Adding numbers with sums to 19. All addends less than 10.
 +
|-
 +
| 22 || [[File:8 + 2 + 5.png|25px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 23 || [[File:13 + 6.png|55px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 10 through 19. One addend is two digits; one addend is one digit. No regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 24 || [[File:12 + 6.png|30px]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 25 || [[File:34 + 25.png|30px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 29 through 99. Two-digit addends. No regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 26 || [[File:17 + 8.png|30px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 19 through 28. One addend is from 10 through 19; one addend is one digit. Regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 27 || [[File:58 + 9.png|30px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 98. One addend is two digits; one addend is one digit. Regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 28 || [[File:48 + 26.png|30px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 30 through 99. Both addends are two digits. Regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 29-31 || [[File:37 + 29.png|30px]] || REVIEW: Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 99. Both addends have two digits. Some regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 32-34 || [[File:47 + 9.png|30px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 99. One addend is two digits; one addend is one or two digits. Some regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 35-36 || [[File:6 + 7 + 4.png|25px]] || Adding three numbers; all addends are one digit.
 +
|-
 +
| 37-38 || [[File:24 + 36 + 17.png|25px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 40 through 99. All addends are two digits. Regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 39-40 || [[File:24 + 36 + 5.png|25px]] || Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 00. One- or tow-digit addends. Regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 41 || [[File:251 + 27.png|40px]] || Adding two numbers with sums from 200 through 999. Two- and three-digit addends. No regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 42-45 || [[File:348 + 239.png|40px]] || Adding numbers with sums to 999. Two- and three-digit addends. Regroup ones to tens.
 +
|-
 +
| 46-47 || [[File:471 + 283.png|40px]] || Adding numbers with sums to 999. Two- and three-digit addends. Regroup tens to hundreds.
 +
|-
 +
| 48-50 || [[File:478 + 256.png|40px]] || Adding two three-digit numbers with sums to 999. Regrouping twice.
 +
|-
 +
| 51-52 || [[File:348 + 257 + 163.png|40px]] || Adding three three-digit numbers with sums to 999. Regrouping twice.
 +
|-
 +
| 53-54 || [[File:478 + 205.png|40px]] || REVIEW: Adding three-digit numbers with sums to 999. Regrouping once or twice.
 +
|-
 +
| 55-58 || [[File:2768 + 3529.png|45px]] || Adding four-digit numbers with sums to 999. Some regrouping.
 +
|-
 +
| 59-60 || [[File:4785 + 216 + 39.png|45px]] || REVIEW: Adding numbers with sums to 9999. Two-, three-, and four-digit addends. Regrouping.
 +
|}
  
−
====Activity 7: Across and Down====
+
===Glossary===
−
Activity 7 reviews addition and subtraction skills in both horizontal and vertical formats. A box divided into nine sections appears on the display. The drill provides horizontal and vertical problems for your child to answer.
+
'''addend:''' a number to be added to another; for example, ADDEND + ADDEND = SUM.
 +
'''digit:''' any of the numerals 0 to 9; for example, the number "986" has three digits.
 +
'''regrouping:''' a process in addition by which numbers are formed into a new grouping, depending on their place values (units, tens, hundreds, etc.). This process has traditionally been called "carrying."
 +
'''sum:''' total or result of adding numbers (addends) toghether; for example, SUM = ADDEND + ADDEND.
  
−
====Activity 8: Addition Table====
 
−
This activity uses a game to reinforce the relationship between numbers in addition. The module displays a table with the numbers zero through nine across the top and down the left side. The flashing cursor appears at the intersection of a row and a column, prompting your child to add the two numbers and enter the answer. The game continues until the table is complete.
 
  
−
====Activity 9: Subtraction Table====
 
−
The last activity is a game designed to reinforce the relationship between numbers in subtraction. A table with numbers on the left side appears on the display. The computer randomly chooses a number to be subtracted from each of the numbers in the box and displays it at the top. Your child is then asked to type the answer to each problem.
 
  
 
<div id="mp-tfp" style="margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;"></div>
 
<div id="mp-tfp" style="margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;"></div>
Line 145: Line 231:
 
==Downloads==
 
==Downloads==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
−
Addition and Subtraction 1 Cartridge.png|Addition and Subtraction 1 Cartridge
+
 
−
AddSubCover.jpg|Addition and Subtraction 1 Manual Front Cover
+
Addition Manual Cover.jpg|Addition Manual Front Cover
−
A&S1MenuScreen.png|Addition and Subtraction 1 Activities Screenshot
+
Screenshot - Addition Title Screen.jpg|Addition Title Screen Screenshot
−
AddSubCover.jpg|Addition and Subtraction 1 Manual Complete (pdf format)|link=https://4apedia.com/manuals/Addition%20and%20Subtraction%201.pdf
+
Addition Manual Cover.jpg|Addition and Subtraction 1 Manual Complete (pdf format)|link=https://4apedia.com/manuals/Addition%20Manual.pdf
−
A&S1-PlusScreenshot.png|Addition and Subtraction 1 MAME/MESS Rom (rpk format)|link=https://4apedia.com/roms/Addition-and-Subtraction-1.rpk
+
Screenshot - Addition Activity.jpg|Addition MAME/MESS Rom (rpk format)|link=https://4apedia.com/roms/Miliken%20Math%20Sequences%20-%20Addition.rpk
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
Line 156: Line 242:
  
 
==External Links==
 
==External Links==
−
* [http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/22082/Addition-and-Subtraction-1/ Centre for Computing History: Addition and Subtraction 1]
 
−
* [https://elisoftware.org/w/index.php/Addition_And_Subtraction_1_(TI99%5C4A,_Cartridge)_Texas_Instruments_-_1981_USA,_Canada_Release Eli's Software Encyclopedia: Addition and Subtraction 1]
 
−
* [https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/ti99/189569-addition-and-subtraction-1/ Game FAQs: Addition and Subtraction 1]
 
−
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=eD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=ti+99+addition+and+subtraction+1&source=bl&ots=8inaXK_nqr&sig=8BZrgHwZFF_Q7dqEda8HEVkWfyg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihtcuRlurcAhXk7IMKHUwnCDE4ChDoATAJegQIARAB#v=onepage&q=ti%2099%20addition%20and%20subtraction%201&f=false/ InfoWorld Software Review: Addition and Subtraction 1 (Feb. 8, 1982, pg.30)]
 
−
* [https://www.retroplace.com/en/games/7542--addition-and-subtraction-1/ Retroplace: Addition and Subtraction 1]
 
−
* [http://www.ti99ers.org/timeline/cartbytitle.html#A TI-99ers On-line User Group: TI-99 Cartridge Listing]
 
  
−
[[Category:1981 Software]]
+
[[Category:1982 Software]]
 
[[Category:Educational]]
 
[[Category:Educational]]
 
[[Category:Mathematics]]
 
[[Category:Mathematics]]
−
[[Category:Scott Foresman]]
+
[[Category:Milliken]]
 
[[Category:Software]]
 
[[Category:Software]]
 
[[Category:Solid State Software Command Module]]
 
[[Category:Solid State Software Command Module]]
−
[[Category:Solid State Speech Synthesizer]]
 

Latest revision as of 18:53, 28 September 2022

Addition is an educational software title developed for the TI-99/4a to teach and tutor young children about addition facts and skills. It was programmed by John Plaster. It was released on Solid State SoftwareTM Command Module during the fourth quarter of 1982. It was published byMilliken publishing and was originally sold for $39.95 (USD). This cartridge makes up on title is a group of title called the Milliken Math Sequences.

Addition
Addition Manual Front Cover
Addition (Front Cover) [1]
Publisher(s) Milliken
Original Retail Price $39.95 (USD)
Programmer(s) John Plaster
Part# PHM 3090
Format(s) Solid State SoftwareTM Command Module
Release 1982 (4th Quarter)
Genre(s) Educational, Mathematics

Advertising Blurbs

Front Cover of Manual

A self-paced addition "tutor" to help your child develop strong math skills for today's challenges. Suitable for children from kindergarten to grade eight.

Triton Catalog - Fall 1984

. . . provides painless drills in the basics. Children pace themselves, proceeding to more difficult levels only when ready . . . all the while experiencing color graphics and "reward" sound effects that keep them motivated.

Manual

Quick Reference Guide

To take full advantage of the features and benefits of this cartridge, please read this manual completely. Important keystroke sequences are summarized here for your quick reference.

ENTER Proceeds to next problem or continues problem after an incorrect answer has been given. Proceeds to the next step of a problem in the "Let Me Help You" feature. Also used to enter Beginning Level and Name.
SPACE BAR Tells the computer you want to use the regrouping (carrying) option.
E Tells the computer you want to quit ("exit") the work session or leave a particular level.

A NOTE TO PARENTS

Children need strong math skills to solve today's and tomorrow's problems. The Milliken Math Sequences, along with the Tl Home Computer, can help your child meet these challenges. The series allows children to work at their own pace and on the skill level at which they need practice. Children find that learning with the computer is fun, challenging, and motivating. The computer never tires of repetition or loses patience - it's like having a private math tutor!

The Milliken Math Sequences, developed for Texas Instruments by Milliken Publishing Company, consists of twelve Solid State Cartridges. Each cartridge concentrates on a different skill area in mathematics, such as addition, subtraction, decimals, or fractions. By providing different levels of difficulty, the series is suitable for children from the kindergarten age through grade eight.

The Addition cartridge is divided into 60 levels of difficulty, covering material generally taught in kindergarten through grade four. The program provides practice in adding whole numbers (numbers with no fractional part). Children begin adding one-digit numbers and advance level by level until they add four-digit numbers. Problems are presented both vertically and horizontally. At more difficult levels (levels 26-60), children practice "regrouping" ("carrying") numbers from one column to another.

Addition

The Addition cartridge offers several special features that increase its motivational and reinforcement value:

  • Colorful, rewarding graphics and sound effects that appear in response to correct answers.
  • An unintimidating, try-again approach to incorrect answers.
  • A progress report posted at the bottom of the screen.
  • Periodic reviews to maintain skill mastery.
  • A "help" feature that displays the problem step by step until the final answer is found.
  • Advancement to the next level if problems are answered correctly, or automatic return to a lower level if your child needs more practice.
  • A special regrouping feature to help students understand the concept of carrying from one column to another.
  • Report screens personalized with your child's name at the end of each level's activities.
  • An "Exit" screen with a complete report on your child's score at the end of the work session.

YOUR CHILD AND THE COMPUTER

The Texas Instruments Home Computer is a rugged, durable device designed for easy use and care. Give the computer the same good care and respect you would give a television set, record player, radio, or any piece of electronic equipment:

  1. Keep snacks and beverages away from the console.
  2. Don't hammer on the keyboard or place heavy objects on it.
  3. Don't touch the cartridge contacts. These are recessed in the cartridge to help prevent accidental soiling and/or damage.

The letters and numbers on the keyboard are arranged in the same order found on standard typewriter keyboards. If your child is not familiar with a typewriter or has not used your Home Computer before, take a few minutes to acquaint him or her with the keyboard. Point out the row of number keys at the top and the rows of letter keys below. Show your child how to insert the cartridge and select the activities. This brief "tour" of the computer will help reinforce correct procedures and instill confidence as your child starts out in a new world of computers.

Today, computers are involved in almost every aspect of life. Working with this cartridge can help your child become familiar with computers and their operation. Since computer-enhanced instruction is more common in the classroom every year, this knowledge can give your child an important advantage.

A SAMPLE ACTIVITY

For easy use, directions are displayed on the screen throughout all the levels. This sample activity, however, can help to illustrate the way the program works.

Let's Begin

When the Milliken title screen appears, press any key to begin. The screen then prompts you to enter the Beginning Level. Select any level from 1 to 60 by typing the number and then pressing ENTER. For this example, press 3 and ENTER. Next, the screen asks for Name. Type your child's name (up to ten letters long) and press ENTER.

Now an addition problem is displayed on the screen. A flashing question mark shows where the answer will go, and the directions on the screen tell you to "Enter the correct number." A progress report appears across the bottom of the screen, with the following meanings:

PL = Problem Level
TC = Total Correct
TP = Total Problems
AVG = Average

As your child works through the problems, these figures are updated to report his or her progress. TC, TP, and AVG are automatically reset to zero at the beginning of each level.

Entering Answers

Let your child answer a few problems as you observe. He or she simply presses the correct number from the top row of keys. If the answer to be entered is more than one digit, the right-most digit must be entered first, as indicated by the flashing question mark. In other words, problems must be solved from right to left, just as they would be in the traditional pencil-and-paper method. This method reinforces the correct order of problem solution. (When selecting Beginning Level numbers, enter from left to right.)

How the Computer Responds

If the problem is answered correctly, an animated picture appears. Your child then presses ENTER to continue to the next problem. If the problem is answered incorrectly, the computer returns a screen message and encourages your child to press ENTER to try again. If a second incorrect answer is given, the screen border turns red and flashes. To continue, your child presses ENTER again, and the computer gives the answer, with a message to "Study the Answer." When your child presses ENTER again, the next problem appears.

Advancing or Moving Back

If your child answers five of the previous six problems correctly, a "Good News" report is displayed. He or she then advances to the next level. If three problems in a row are answered incorrectly, a "Bad News" report appears, and your child moves back one level.

Changing Levels

You can change levels any time the question mark is flashing. To leave this level, simply press the letter E for "exit." An "Exit" screen appears, which reports on your child's progress. Press ENTER to return to the title screen.

Let's try another level. Press any key to go to the "Levels 1-60" screen. This time, enter 26 (from left to right) as the Beginning Level. Then type your child's name again, and press ENTER to continue.

Regrouping

At Level 26 your child is given the choice of regrouping (carrying) visually on the screen or of regrouping mentally without displaying the process. To use the regrouping option, press the SPACE BAR when instructed on the screen. A small question mark appears above the column to which the value is being carried or regrouped. Type the number to be carried, add the digits in that column, and type the sum. The regrouping option is offered whenever appropriate in Levels 26 through 60 (no regrouping necessary in Levels 35, 36, and 41).

"Let Me Help You"

Now let's try the "Let Me Help You" feature. On the next problem, deliberately enter a wrong answer twice. When the border flashes red, press ENTER and the message "Let Me Help You" is displayed. Keep pressing ENTER as the computer completes the problem step by step, including regrouping, until the final answer is found. Thus, if your child has difficulty with a particular problem, the computer demonstrates the solution.

Continue to observe as your child works through the problems and gains familiarity with the program's operations.

SKILL LEVELS

This chart can help you find the appropriate starting level for your child. By looking at the sample problems and the skill description, select a level that is not too easy, but also not too difficult, for him or her. If in doubt, start at a lower level and work up from there. You may wish to select a REVIEW level first to see if your child has mastered the skill levels up to that point. A glossary is provided on page 14.

Level Sample Problem Skill Description
1 2+1.png Adding two numbers with sums through 6.
2 3+2.png
3 Review
4 3 + 4.png Adding two numbers with sums from 7 through 10.
5 1 + 6.png
6 2+1.png Adding two numbers with sums from 0 through 10.
7 3 + 6.png
8 Review
9 2+5+1.png Adding three numbers with sums through 10.
10 1 + 4 + 2.png
11 5 + 6.png Addin two numbers with sums from 10 to 13.
12 7 + 3.png
13 Review
14 9 + 5.png Adding two numbers with sums from 14 to 18.
15 7 + 8.png
16 9 + 6.png Adding two numbers with sums from 10 to 18.
17 7 + 8.png
18 Review
19 10 + 2.png Adding two numbers with sums from 10 to 18. One addend = 10.
20 10 + 6.png
21 3 + 7 + 2.png Adding numbers with sums to 19. All addends less than 10.
22 8 + 2 + 5.png
23 13 + 6.png Adding numbers with sums from 10 through 19. One addend is two digits; one addend is one digit. No regrouping.
24 12 + 6.png
25 34 + 25.png Adding numbers with sums from 29 through 99. Two-digit addends. No regrouping.
26 17 + 8.png Adding numbers with sums from 19 through 28. One addend is from 10 through 19; one addend is one digit. Regrouping.
27 58 + 9.png Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 98. One addend is two digits; one addend is one digit. Regrouping.
28 48 + 26.png Adding numbers with sums from 30 through 99. Both addends are two digits. Regrouping.
29-31 37 + 29.png REVIEW: Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 99. Both addends have two digits. Some regrouping.
32-34 47 + 9.png Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 99. One addend is two digits; one addend is one or two digits. Some regrouping.
35-36 6 + 7 + 4.png Adding three numbers; all addends are one digit.
37-38 24 + 36 + 17.png Adding numbers with sums from 40 through 99. All addends are two digits. Regrouping.
39-40 24 + 36 + 5.png Adding numbers with sums from 20 through 00. One- or tow-digit addends. Regrouping.
41 251 + 27.png Adding two numbers with sums from 200 through 999. Two- and three-digit addends. No regrouping.
42-45 348 + 239.png Adding numbers with sums to 999. Two- and three-digit addends. Regroup ones to tens.
46-47 471 + 283.png Adding numbers with sums to 999. Two- and three-digit addends. Regroup tens to hundreds.
48-50 478 + 256.png Adding two three-digit numbers with sums to 999. Regrouping twice.
51-52 348 + 257 + 163.png Adding three three-digit numbers with sums to 999. Regrouping twice.
53-54 478 + 205.png REVIEW: Adding three-digit numbers with sums to 999. Regrouping once or twice.
55-58 2768 + 3529.png Adding four-digit numbers with sums to 999. Some regrouping.
59-60 4785 + 216 + 39.png REVIEW: Adding numbers with sums to 9999. Two-, three-, and four-digit addends. Regrouping.

Glossary

addend: a number to be added to another; for example, ADDEND + ADDEND = SUM. digit: any of the numerals 0 to 9; for example, the number "986" has three digits. regrouping: a process in addition by which numbers are formed into a new grouping, depending on their place values (units, tens, hundreds, etc.). This process has traditionally been called "carrying." sum: total or result of adding numbers (addends) toghether; for example, SUM = ADDEND + ADDEND.


Downloads

  • Addition Manual Front Cover

  • Addition Title Screen Screenshot

  • Addition and Subtraction 1 Manual Complete (pdf format)

  • Addition MAME/MESS Rom (rpk format)

References

  1. ↑ "TI99ers On-Line User Group: TI-99 Cartridge Listing". 

External Links

Retrieved from "https://4apedia.com/index.php?title=Addition&oldid=7903"