Micropendium Volume 1 Number 2
Inside this issue: We bring you stories about Tl99/4A compatible hardware, games you can play on your TI home computer, an update on the Phoenix, a look into the future, a glance back to the past, in fact there's so much that we couldn't possi-
 March 1984 Micropendium (Home Computer Compendium) Front Cover | |
| Editor | Laura Burns |
|---|---|
| Categories | Home Computers, TI-99/4A |
| Publisher | John Koloen |
| Country | USA |
| Based in | Round Rock, Texas |
| Language | English |
Contents
Comments
What's next for home computer users?
It's hard to believe, but the TI99/4A has been around for less than three years and already it's out of production. But that's the way it is in high tech. Here today, gone (or upgraded) tomorrow.
So what's next for TI home computer users?
I don't have a crystal ball so I won't pretend to have all the answers. But there are many indications that the TI home computer market is not quite like any other, and I think its uniqueness will play in the favor of TI owners.
Why?
For one thing, regardless of how many TI consoles are on the market I've seen figures ranging from a low of one million to a high of four million the perception among vendors is that the market is large enough to support many product lines.
My personal view is that the "real" TI market is much smaller than one million. No doubt, many who purchased the 99/4A during the fourth quarter of 1983 have already tucked it away in a closet. There are also those who, having purchased the computer, either do not have the income or the desire to expand the system. That leaves those users who like the system and have or are in the process of expanding it. This is the real market that vendors want.
Here are some predictions about what may happen in the home computer market:
1. Diversification: Just about everybody who has been depending on the TI market exclusively is or will be diversifying. However. few will be closing their books on the TI home computer.
2. New Companies: Now that the big cheese is out of the market, the little cheeses will be able to come in from the sidelines and call some plays. I'm not talking about companies forming to deal with the TI market exclusively. I'm talking about established companies creating TI product divisions to sell products for the TI home computer that they've been selling to users of other brands.
3. New Products: Don't look for anyone to pick up the rights to the TI99/4A, despite what you hear. The only companies foolhardy enough to do this are in the red ink business. Do look for lots of TI compatible hardware, starting with Cor-Comp's 99/64. Also. look for increased interest in such peripheral devices as light pens and graphics pads.
4. NewSoftware: Yes, you'll be hearing a lot about new software. Actually, much of it will be old software translated or adapted for use by the TI home computer. Despite the current trend, not all of it will be cartridge-based. There are limitations to using cartridges as the medium for software distribution. In fact, any "serious" software developments will require disk drives and memory expansions. Even TI couldn't get TI-Writer or Microsoft Multiplan to work out of a cassette recorder. Look, too, for a good database program that will run using the Extended BASIC cartridge and expansion memory.
5. New Publications: There will be a greater diversity of publications for TI and compatible computers. It's clear that no one publication can serve the needs of all TI users. However, these publications will be oriented toward a specific TI audience. They will be smaller than the general interest computer publications that you find on newsstands. but they will be packed with information that is useful to TI users. Why is this? Look at the former 99er Magazine. It never developed the kind of advertising support it needed to compete in the general market. Rather than keep its focus on a market that was not growing very rapidly, it chose to expand its market by including other computers and, hence, advertisers.
So much for now.
— JK
Feedback
GROM solutions
I would like to share the following with your readers. This is something that we just encountered.
When TI built the silver and black 99/4A units. a built-in problem was provided at no extra cost. A felt pad is positioned around the slot where the command module's card plugs into the computer's GROM connector. This felt pad is used to burnish (clean) the contacts of the command module's card when inserted.
This is where the problem begins. The material in the felt pad builds up lint inside the GROM connector (and inside the command module) that prevent the contacts of the two frommating. This causes many rather weird things to happen. For example:
- After inserting the module and initializing the system. the cursor quits flashing (indicating computer lock-up).
- After inserting the module and initializing the system, the keyboard comes "alive" and randomly provides a character that can not be stopped unless the computer is turned off.
- And, after inserting the module and initializing the system, if you grasp the module and move it from side to side. either number 1 or 2 listed about will occur.
To correct this problem, the GROM connector and module contacts must be cleaned from time to time. Caution must be used, however. DO NOT attempt to clean the GROM connector when the computer is on: DO NOT use anything sharp or metallic: and DO NOT use excessive pressure or force.
What I recommend is a very thin, long-bristled brush with a wooden handle. With one hand open the door covering the GROM connector to remove any lint build-up. Blowing into the connector occasionally will also help remove the lint. (A can of compressed air would even be better but I didn't have any).
I've helped fix two computers with this problem so far. Each computer was approximately one year old at the time when it really acted up.
I would also like to point out that the article you published in the February issue entitled "GROM Problems" (User Notes) is exactly what I just addressed. However, that article did not fix the problem. In fact. in my opinion. I would not even recommend placing the matchbook cover beneath the module!
Chuck Moats
President
Cedar Valley 99er Users Group
Marion, Iowa
Adventuring
I have both the TI99/4 and the TI99/4A, furthermore, I have what I believe to be the most complete system for the TI system. I am 38 years old and still a child at heart. Therefore, I have always purchased each and every command module available, with the exception of those designed for very young children. I consider the game cartridges as adult material and have hours of fun playing games. With the Scott Adams' adventure series already mastered (with the exception of Adventure 14-Return To Pirate Isle ... which I'm working on now) as well as numerous other computer text-adventures solved, I consider myself a real adventure fan. Therefore, I must take offense to your opinion as to the "anomaly" of the Jack and the Beanstalk adventure available from Tex-Soft. I never had a syntax error during my own adventure with this game. Furthermore, I would say that of all the text adventure games available to date for the TI that the Beanstalk adventure ranks number one. Far ahead of all others, it gives the seasoned adventurer a real run for the money and still offers the novice adventurer a firm beginning for future adventuring. Perhaps you fail to realize what other adventures have to offer in comparison to value.
Still, you have a point. Value is in the eye (or mind) of the buyer. I know of no better value, all things considered, for the time and money spent than that of adventuring, and the Beanstalk Adventure is an excellent buy. I do realize that your review was in itself favorable and I feel that if you do indeed go on other adventures you'll realize that your single negative problem with the "error messages" produced in adventuring were not the real fault of the adventure but rather the fault of the adventurer himself.
I look forward to future issues of your magazine and hope that you have an enjoyable and profitable "adventure" in your publication.
D. Larry Gibson
Kettering, Ohio
The Feedback column is for readers. It is a forum to communicate with other readers. The editor will condense excessively lengthy submissions where necessary. We ask that writers restrict themselves to one subject for the sake of simplicity. Our only requirement is that items be of interest to persons who use the TI99/4A home computer. Mail Feedback items to: Home Computer Compendium, P.O. Box 1343, Round Rock, TX 78680.
Debugged
For want of a digit
Last month we told you about a program statement that would allow a user with a disk drive to turn the drive off without disconnecting it from the computer. Well. we left out a single digit. an 8 to be precise. and without it it won't work. We appreciate the thoughtfulness of readers who pointed out the error. The correct statement is: CALL LOAD (-31888,63,215).
Where to order
Last month's Newsbytes column included an item about a disk backup utility program called Quick-Copyer. We neglected to include ordering information: Quality Software, 1884 Columbia Rd. No. 500, Washington, D.C. 20009. The phone number is (202) 667-3574. The company says the program will copy disks in three passes or less. The cost is $39.95 and it requires either the Extended BASIC, Editor/Assembler or Mini-Memory cartridge.
Bugged
Before we tell you what we did wrong, let us apologize to those readers who tried to run a brief routine included in last month's User Notes. Copied from a user group newsletter, it worked perfectly. Until WE put it into print, that is. It seems we covered over a part of Line 110. The program. which ran under the heading "We dare you." demonstrates the computer's calculation powers. Readers were urged to run it side by side on a TI and Commodore 64 (not that everyone has a 64). As one of our readers noted: "... a Commodore 64 home computer could not have done any worse than a TI! Unless, of course, it prints bad line in 110 slower than a TI."
Here is the correct version (we promise):
100-FOR N= 1 TO 100
110-IF SQR (N) < > INT (SQR (N)) THEN 130
120-PRINT N
130-NEXT N
140-END
TI signs with Imagic, Sierra; list of million names available
Texas Instruments signed software production agreements with Sierra On-Line and Imagic in January and is making its list of TI home computer owners available to a firm in New York that is expected to publish a quarterly catalog of TI vendors.
The software agreements were announced at the Consumer Electronics Show.
The agreement with Imagic means that the software developer will take over production of software that it had licensed to Texas Instruments last year. Late last year TI introduced several Imagic titles, including Microsurgeon, Jaw Breaker, Fathom and Moonsweeper. In addition to producing these titles, Imagic is expected to release a fifth game cartridge, Wing War.
The agreement with Sierra On-Line involves the production of educational software that has been developed by TI and the Walt Disney Company. Some half-dozen programs will be released using such familiar Disney characters as Professor Ludwig von Drake, Pinocchio and Peter Pan. The programs were developed by TI but all aspects of their continued development and production will be carried out by Sierra On-Line, according to a TI spokesman in Dallas. The programs are expected to be marketed for other computers as well.
March Direct Marketing (MDM), of New York, is expected to produce a quarterly vendor catalog that will be sent to some one million TI users free of charge. The company will be using TI's list of home computer users, which is also available at a charge to other vendors, according to a TI spokesman.
Although officials of MDM could not be reached for comment, the TI spokesman said TI worked with MDM to develop the vendor catalog concept. It is not known when the first of these catalogs will be available. "The problem is not designing software to be used with the 4A but in getting it to the market," the TI spokesman said in explaining the value of the catalog to vendors. Vendors may contact MDM at (212)286-0460 for more information about the proposed catalog.
A TI spokesman says the mailing list includes the names of all TI owners who sent in rebate cards or owner registration forms prior to TI's announcement that it was leaving the home computer market. The spokesman indicated that home computer owners who are not included on the list may have their names added by sending the owner registration card to TI. Or, they may send a letter with their name and address and the serial number of the computer console to TI. Such information should be sent to the following address: Texas Instruments, P.O. Box 53, Lubbock, Texas 79408.
The information may also be phoned in via TI's toll-free telephone number — (800)842-2737. However, the line is often swamped with callers and the likelihood of getting through is not very good.
"We're apologetic about it," a spokesman said, "but we're probably get ting to only one in four or five who call. The wait on the line can get to be very long."
The spokesman said that TI is continuing to negotiate with other third party vendors regarding software production rights. He noted that the company will offer whatever assistance it can to vendors who support the Tl99/4A.
"We're licensing anything that is necessary for use with the 4A," the spokesman said. He noted that some one million of the computers were sold during the last three months of 1983.
— JK
Phoenix to hatch soon
Cor-Comp Inc., the California-based company that says it has developed the successor to the TI99/4A, is begin ning to firm its plans for delivery of the new machine, the 99/64. At the same time, company officials are planning a publicity drive that may get under way in mid-February.
However, as with everything regarding the 99/64, all dates and deadlines are projections. As an example, in December Cor-Comp officials indicated that the new computer would be on the market sometime during the first quarter of 1984. Now, how ever, that seems unlikely.
The 99/64, which is supposed to be fully compatible with all TI99/4A software and hardware, is a feature-laden machine. It was described in the February edition of the Compendium.
The computer is dubbed the "Phoenix" after the mythical bird of ancient Egypt. According to company spokeswoman Betty Loeffel, 1,000 of the machines will be distributed by the end of March as display models for vendors. The company is calling this model "the silver edition."
If all goes according to plan, Loeffel says, the computer will go into mass production by ApriCwith delivery to dealer shelves to follow.
Meanwhile, in late January, the company was scheduled to introduce several new hardware products to go along with the 32K expansion memory card and RS232 card it already markets for the TI home computer.
Ready for delivery late last month, according to Loeffel, were a peripheral expansion box and a disk controller card. A bundled system that includes the PEB, memory card, RS232 card and disk controller card is priced at only $300, Loeffel says.
The peripheral expansion box is supposed to be similar in appearance to the TI PEB and includes an opening for a disk drive.
According to Loeffel, who is the company's chief financial officer, Cor-Comp is able to price the bundled system at $300 because of cost-cutting production techniques. For example, the company has been able to reduce the cost of producing its RS232 card by 48 percent through such techniques, she says.
Loeffel says the company is referring all inquiries about the new computer to its vendors. "Our phones have been ringing constantly," she says. You wouldn't believe it. We can't get off the phone."
— JK
Phoenix Distributors
Here is a list of the national distributors of the 99/64 computer, according to a spokesman for Cor-Comp Inc. Sales of the new machine will also be conducted by some 1,000 local vendors throughout the country. The list may not be complete.
- R&S Distributing, Bridgeport, New Jersey — (800) 257-0453
- Unisource Electronics, Lubbock, Texas — (806) 745-8835
- Microsphere Inc., South Bend, Indiana — (219) 272-7488
- Microtronics, Oak Park, Michigan — (313) 968-0050
- Computech, Springfield, Missouri — (417) 869-1684
- C&R Distributing, Acworth, Georgia — (404) 928-8791
The Phoenix
|
Here is a list of some of the features that the Cor-Comp 99/64, aka Phoenix, will offer, according to Cor-Comp Inc. A more complete description of the machine was published in last month's edition of the Compendium. The basic system is expected to be priced in the $600-$700 range. Keyboard: choice of three styles (mylar, word-processing with numeric keypad and typewriter styles.) Each will be priced differently. Memory: 64K RAM, expandable in 64K increments to one megabyte. Disk controller: built-in card, capable of controlling up to four double-sided, quad-density drives. RS232: built-in RS232 port. Cartridges: two slots for cartridges, compatible with all TI cartridge software. Processor slot: one slot for a second processor chip, such as the Mostek 6502 used in Apple and Atari computers, the Intel 8088 chip used in the IBM-PC and the Z80A used in Osborne and Timex computers. Game ports: two game controller ports, one Atari compatible the other Apple compatible. |
Foundation's got plans
New products compatible with the TI99/4A are expected to be forthcoming from Foundation sometime during the first quarter of this year.
Bill Hunter, vice president of operations for the Tiburon, California, company, declined to reveal the nature of the new products, but said that the TI market "looks like a very ripe market" at least for the short term.
"As far as we know, we are the first third-party hardware manufacturer for the TI," Hunter says.
Foundation produces 32K and 128K memory cards for the TI, and Hunter says the company has noticed increased interest in these TI compatible products-particularly the 128K memory card since TI left the market.
The 32K card works in the same way as the Texas Instruments 32K card, allowing the user to access the memory via the Extended BASIC and other applications cartridges. However, since the TI computer can directly address only the first 32K of extra memory larger amounts of memory must be accessed in a different way.
The Foundation 128K card uses a bank switching technique that is controlled by an EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory) chip that Foundation calls "DSR." The memory is included in four banks of 32 kilobytes. The chip, which functions as a disk file emulator, is plugged into the card.
Some early purchasers of the 128K card had found delivery of Foundation's DSR chip to be slow.
However, Hunter characterizes this problem as "very ancient history."
He says the problem resulted because the firm had been shooting for September as the target date for delivery.
All the new 128K cards being shipped, he adds, include the DSR disk file emulator chip and are being shipped from stock. The firm is quoting a two-to-four-week delivery time.
The majority of 128K card purchasers, he says, use a 32K bank for programming and the remaining 96K for file storage.
— LB
Pole Position, Jungle Hunt coming
If your Atarisoft Pac Man is lonesome on the shelf next to your TI computer, take heart.
Ms. Pac Man will soon be available to cozy up next to him, according to a spokesperson for Atari.
Currently, Atarisoft titles for the Tl99/4A are Pac Man, Dig Dug, Centipede, Defender, Donkey Kong, Robotron: 2084, Stargate, Shamus, Picnic Paranoia, Protector and SuperStorm.
Scheduled for release at various times throughout the spring are Joust, Pole Position, Ms. Pac Man, Moon Patrol and Jungle Hunt.
Atari will release educational and home applications titles for the TI99/4A later in the spring, but the spokeswoman declined to give specific titles. At this point, Star Raiders does not seem to be among the games to be translated for the TI.
She said she is unaware of any plans for development of hardware or disk or cassette-based software for the TI.
The list price for the Atarisoft cartridge games for the TI is $44.95.
Bruce Entin, Atari's vice president for corporate communications, says the company has met with "very good response to Atarisoft, from both consumers and dealers.
Now that Texas Instruments is out of the market, Entin says, "consumers who own those machines are asking, 'What are we doing for software?'"
"Dealers recognize that there's something like two million TI machines out there," he adds.
Despite Atari's plans to add nongame software later this year, Entin feels that games are always going to be an important part of the home computer software market.
He says that about 60 percent of the time people use a home computer is spent on entertainment. The challenge, he says, is to develop software that provides an "entertainment crescendo."
Now that the novelty of home computers is wearing off, marketers are becoming more aware of the need to compete with the hundreds of other leisure-time activities available to consumers.
To be competitive among all these choices, he says, software needs to be "especially compelling."
Entin feels that there will be no more computer price wars such as those of the recent past.
"The home computer market went through a phase of a downward spiral of prices. We think that's over," he says.
"Manufacturers and consumers alike are looking at computers for what they can do rather than how cheap they are," he says.
— LB
What the games are about
As for the games that are available:
It seems almost superfluous to describe Pac Man, a game that inspired a popular song, a television show and a breakfast cereal, but for those who have just returned to civilization from some remote corner of the globe and want to catch up on the computer era, Pac Man is a chomping circular creature who eats dots and sometimes energy tablets which enable him to immobilize the ghosts which chase after him.
Dig Dug burrows tunnels in search of fruits and vegetables that he eats to score points. As the player guides him horizontally and vertically across the screen to dig new tunnels, he is attacked by monsters that lurk behind the fruits and vegetables.
When you play Centipede, the screen is a mushroom patch and you live at the bottom. Centipedes, scorpions, spiders and fleas descend from the top of the screen to attack you, so you have to shoot fast or be stung.
In Defender the player is the pilot of a spaceship shooting through the galaxy at hyperspace speeds whose mission is to fly along the surface of a dangerous planet and save the humanoids there from an assortment of strange invaders.
In Donkey Kong (another game with its own breakfast cereal and TV cartoon series), Mario the carpenter bounces, climbs and rides up girders and elevators, trying to get to the top of a building where his sweetheart is held prisoner by the gorilla Donkey Kong. The player tries to keep Mario from falling or being bumped off as he heads for the top of the building.
When you play Robotron: 2084 you are the only one who can save the world from the Robotrons, a swarm of robot monsters bent on destroying humanity. The object is to rescue the remaining humans before the Robotrons destroy them.
Stargate is a sequel to Defender, in which the player pilots a spaceship to a planet where aliens try to capture helpless humanoids. As an array of creatures attacks constantly, the choice must be made between fighting the attackers and saving the humanoids.
Shamus is a detective who is pitted against a horde of robot henchmen controlled by the Shadow. The player guides Shamus through a deadly maze, using only razor-sharp daggers as a defense against the enemy's laser blasts. Successful players will ultimately come face to face with the Shadow for a final conflict.
Ants, wasps and spiders swarm across the screen as you try to enjoy a picnic in Picnic Paranoia. You have to swat them furiously to keep them from carrying off the food, but they can paralyze you with their bites if you aren't careful.
In Protector, the player is a space fighter pilot maneuvering through meteoroids, lasers and rockets whose mission is to rescue 18 survivors stranded near a volcano before the volcano erupts. Alien attackers complicate the mission and try to destroy the pilot.
In Super Storm, the Earth is being invaded by creatures who are trying to drown all life by raising the levels of the oceans. The player controls a fleet of war ships representing the planet's only defense.
And here are the storylines for the new games:
In Joust, the player is tested against natural disasters, armed riders from the Dark Region and birds of prey. Astride an ostrich and armed with a jousting pole, the player tries to knock the outlaw knights off their buzzards.
Pole Position puts the player in the driver's seat of a race car. Drivers have the option of four levels of difficulty, and compile points for meters driven, seconds left over at the end of the race and bonus points for each car passed.
Ms. Pac Man is similar to Pac Man, with the chomping, circular character portrayed as a female.
Moon Patrol turns the player into the captain of a land cruiser patrolling the moon's surface. Alien spaceships try to thwart the player's mission as he defends himself while maneuvering through crat ers and boulders which could destroy the moon buggy.
In Jungle Hunt, the player performs such feats as swinging on ropes from tree to tree and battling with alligators to save a damsel in distress.
— LB
For disk drivers
By the time you read this, TI users with disk drives may be able to play any Infocom game on their 99/4As. Reports in December that Infocom was not going to market its games for the TI home computer have been revised.
Joan Fasanello of Infocom, interviewed in late January, said the company now plans to release all of its games for the TI within the next month, maybe sooner."
Fasanello said Infocom writes all of its games to disk, regardless of which of the 18 makes of computer they are written for. She said the disk drive is the only special equipment a user will need to play the games.
Infocom's games, which are text adventures, include ZORK I, ZORK II, ZORK III and Starcross at $39.95 each; Enchanter, Suspended, Planetfall, Deadline, The Witness and Infidel list for $49.95 each.
Fasanello said that the Infocom software will be available at department stores, computer stores and "any place where they sell computer products."
The ZORK trilogy is designed so that each is a complete and separate story unto itself, so that they can be played in any order the user chooses. However, these games, which take place in an imaginary, subterranean realm, share a common thread.
ZORK I is subtitled "The Great Underground Empire." The player seeks the Twenty Treasures of ZORK and tries to escape with them and his life while being confronted with various perils.
In ZORK II, "The Wizard of Frobozz," one's opponent in the subterranean realm is, you guessed it, the Wizard. In ZORK II you encounter its subtitle character, "The Dungeon Master."
Starcross takes the player to the year 2186 and a rendezvous with a huge spacecraft from the outer fringes of the galaxy. Included are aliens from another world and a light-years-old puzzle that only the player can meet.
In Enchanter, the player is a novice magician in combat with the Evil War lock in a battle of spells.
Suspend takes the adventure game player underground once again, this time in a cryogenic capsule deep within an alien world. An earthquake disrupts the systems of the Under ground Complex and the player must stabilize them to save this alien world from destruction. The player commands six robots, each of which perceives the world differently. The game has three levels of play and an option which allows the player to customize the game.
Planetfall goes a hundred centuries into the future to a Stellar Patrol ship of the Third Galactic Union. The ship explodes and the player is jettisoned to a mysterious planet where he encoun ters floods, pestilence and a mutant Wild Kingdom. Together with your trusty robot companion, Floyd, you explore the planet and attempt to discover how to save it.
Deadline refers to the 12-hour deadline the player has to solve a classic locked-door mystery. There are six suspects. The player gets a dossier containing lab reports, police findings, suspicious-looking pills and more. Clues and motives are provided along the way as the player attempts to track down the killer.
The Witness is another detective game, harking back to the days when the "whodunit" reached the height of its popularity. Again there are suspects to choose from, a police file, and clues, motives and alibis along the way when blackmail turns into murder.
In Infidel, the player, a soldier of fortune marooned by his followers, seeks the great pyramid. On entering the pyramid, the player must decipher its hieroglyphs and unravel its mysteries one by one-always in danger of death.
For users who get frustrated trying to work these text adventures out, Infocom has InvisiClues booklets for each game. Clues range from hints to full answers in each booklet and are written in invisible ink. The player uses the developing market included with the booklet to make the selected clues visible.
Also available are blueprints for the detective games and guide maps for the other adventure games.
— LB
Victorian Precursor
Boole paved the way to the computer age
"You are sad," the Knight said in an anxious tone: "let me sing you a song to comfort you."
"Is it very long?" Alice asked, for she had heard a good deal of poetry that day.
"It's long," said the Knight, "but it's very, very beautiful. Everybody that hears me sing it-either it brings the tears into their eyes, or else-"
"Or else what?" said Alice, for the Knight had made a sudden pause.
"Or else it doesn't, you know. The name of the song is called 'Haddocks Eyes.'"
The characters in Through The Looking Glass were in a chess game, and Lewis Carroll, the author, was indeed referring to the binary logic of another Victorian mathematician, George Boole, in this passage. But even Lewis Carroll probably could not have predicted that, thanks to Boole, chess games could be played by computers.
Boole's contribution to logic was developing a system whereby logical statements could be expressed in algebraic terms. This is done by breaking them down to yes-no decisions ("it brings tears to their eyes, or else it doesn't").
Boole was born in 1815, the son of a shopkeeper in Lincoln, England. After a meager education at a National School, the boy struggled to teach himself Latin and Greek and also took a commercial course. At the age of 16, he became an assistant teacher, or "usher," in a school.
He spent four years as an usher, teaching at two different schools. At the age of 20, he opened a school of his own and, as he was teaching mathematics. began devoting his spare time to studying it.
Immanuel Kant. the German philosopher who died in 1804, expressed the opinion toward the end of his life that logic. as a subject. was complete.
To comment in the form of the syllogism of classical logic, all philosophers are capable of mistakes. Kant was a philosopher: therefore, Kant was capable of making mistakes. And in this case, he made one.
In 1854, after his mathematical publications had earned the self-educated Boole a professorship, he published his masterpiece, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities.
He explained that he wrote the work "to investigate the fundamental laws of those operations of the mind by which reasoning is performed: to give expression to them in the language of a Calculus, and upon this foundation to establish the science of Logic and construct its method: to make that method itself the basis of a general method for the application of the mathematical doctrine of probabilities: and, finally, to collect from the various elements of truth brought to view in the course of these inquiries some probable intimations concerning the nature and constitution of the human mind."
Boolean algebra, despite this vast scope, can be learned by someone with a background of high school algebra.
The Boolean variables are confined to two possible values or states (Yes and No. True and False, On and Off). In the binary number system used to design computers, the variables are represented as 1 and 0.
Such a simplified system of notation requires a good deal of tedious repetition, which is why many persons find programming tedious. It is rather as if communication all took place in the form of the game "Twenty Questions" in which an object is to be guessed only by asking questions to which the answer is "yes" or "no." The computer. however, often takes many more than 20 operations, and only the animals, vegetables and minerals programmed in could be "guessed." All mathematical functions on a computer such as the TI99/4A are reduced to addition-which would be a tedious way to go about it oneself, but thanks to engineering technology, can be done on the computer more quickly than working them out with pencil and paper, even with the added advantages of subtraction, multiplication and division.
After publication of The Laws of Thought, Boole married Mary Everest, niece of the man for whom Mount Everest was named. In 1857 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1864, he died of pneumonia.
Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead emphasized the value of symbolic logic for mathematicians in their great work Principia Mathematica (1910-1913). The practical application of the Boolean logical patterns to the simplicity required by an on-off switch was first postulated by Claude Shannon, a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in his 1938 master's thesis.
Though Jules Verne and other writers of science fiction have proved to have prophesied the future, it is not at all certain that some day a computer like HAL in Stanley Kubrick's 2001 will turn on human beings and make independent decisions. Though reducing the logical process to the binary function has amazing practical applications" making a number of "yes-no" decisions may not be what human beings are doing when they are thinking logically. Hubert L. Dreyfus. in his controversial book The Limits of Artificial Intelligence, points out that the Mac Hack computer program came up with a good move in a game of chess after considering 26,000 possibilities in 15 minutes. Dreyfus says a human player can come up with an equal or better move in the same amount of time, in which the human can consider only 100-200 possible moves. Thus, he says, human beings are doing something besides considering alternatives.
Dreyfus cites Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer. who says that trial and error (a binary process) excludes the most important aspect of problem-solving, a grasp of the essential structure of the problem.
Interestingly. in a pamphlet written by Boole's wife, she records her husband's opinion that knowledge is gained from an invisible, undefinable source - "the unconscious" -as well as from direct observation.
Whether the artificial intelligence researchers at Stanford and other places will overcome the current limitations is not for me to say. Still, it's consoling to know that right now my home computer can't be VERY much smarter than I am. Also. it's handy to be able to do things on it I'm not smart enough to do all by myself.
"I know what you're thinking about," said Tweedledum: "but it isn't so, nohow." "Contrariwise." continued Tweedledee, "it if was so, it might be: and if it were so, it would be: but as it isn't, it ain't. That's logic."
— LB
1100? That's 12, right?
Perhaps you are young enough to have studied "new math."
Or old enough to have struggled with helping your kids with "new math." But if not, or if you need a bit of review since the days you thankfully put the math books behind you, when thinking of computers you must realize that the decimal system we find so natural is completely arbitrary.
Computers, being binary, not decimal, operate on a binary system.
In the binary system, 10 does not represent "ten," but two. The number written as "100" represents four. Three is 11, five is 101, seven is 111 and eight is 1000. If you are doing your budget in a ledger with a pencil, this is obviously an unhandy way to go about it, compared to the decimal system. And you don't type it into your computer that way either.
Instead, you type in, say, your $12 subscription to Home Computer Compendium. Each key of your computer that you touch sets off a series of switches, on and off. The 12 that you type is 1100 in the math your computer uses, but still shows up as 12 on the screen so that you can read it without adding in your head. And if you type in the dollar sign, that is coded in with a series of on-off combinations as well.
Whatever your computer is doing, it is doing is by addition.
In binary logic, possibilities are aligned by the basic logical operations. These operations are conjunction ("and"), disjunction ("or"), negation ("not"), implication ("if then") and bi-implication ("if and only if"). Each has a different "truth value" according to the truth of its components.
For instance, the sentence "Caroline and Stephanie are girls," is true, but the sentence "Caroline and Albert are girls" is false, assuming that Caroline and Stephanie are both girls and Albert is a boy.
However, "Caroline is a girl or Albert is a girl" would have the truth value of "true": so would "Caroline is a girl or Stephanie is a girl" because the "or" function here does not have the "either/or" implications it has in ordinary speech. "Caroline is a canary or Albert is an albatross" would however, be false.
So, depending on which logical function is being used, a circuit can be designed which can be on if Switch A and Switch B are both on, or if either were on. for instance. Or, the circuit can be programmed to come on only if Switch A is on, or Switch B is on, but not both. And so on.
The thousands of switches on each silicon chip are what makes the huge number of operations on your TI99/4A possible. The fact that so many switches can be placed in such a tiny space is also what makes it possible for you to have a computer in a corner of your house.
— LB
Review
Star Trek
Enterprise takes you far
| Perfomance | A |
|---|---|
| Ease of Use | A |
| Documentation | A |
| Value | B + |
| Final Grade |
A |
| Cost | $29.95 (cartridge) |
| Manufacturer | Texas Instruments |
| Requirements | console, monitor or television, (joystick, speech synthesizer optional) |
Star Trek is a creation of Sega Enterprises and a production of Texas Instruments. It gets its name from the popular Paramount Pictures Corporation film.
This space shoot'em up is one of the handful of cartridge-based programs produced as a cooperative venture between TI and major software developers. All were released during the fourth quarter of 1983 and no more are expected.
Performance
Star Trek is a well-designed, fast-moving game that gets more difficult as your skill improves. In other words, the more Klingons you destroy the deadlier their replacements get until they manage to des troy you. You cannot "win" in this game.
But I'm getting ahead of myself.
The game starts immediately after selecting the Star Trek option following the title screen. The Star Trek theme is played as the game's title screen appears. Pressing any key results in a male voice saying "welcome aboard, captain," if you've got a speech synthesizer attached.
The screen is divided into three rectangles. The upper half of the screen includes two rectangles. One is the Radar Scanner, which shows an entire sector of space. The other contains a group of bar-graph type indicators that monitor your energy shields, photon torpedoes and warp drive.
The lower portion of the screen provides a simulated 3-D view from the bridge of the Starship Enterprise.
Play starts upon "boarding" the Enterprise. You find yourself in Sector 1 with several Klingon vessels and a single starbase. Starbases can provide the Enterprise with one energy shield, one photon torpedo and one warp drive unit. To receive these items, you must use impulse power to pilot the Enterprise directly over the starbase.
Of course. the Klingons don't just go away. Even though you've docked with a starbase, you still must destroy all of the Klingons in Sector 1 to advance to Sector 1.1. You may do this by firing your phasers at close range, or by firing a photon torpedo when the target is out of range of your phasers. A photon torpedo is capable of destroying several Klingons when it explodes. The Klingons will be firing at the Enterprise throughout the game so you must try to maneuver your starship in such a way that the Klingon shots will miss. Each Klingon hit costs you one shield.
But that's not all the nefarious Klin gons will do. While there are 2 classes of Klingon battle cruiser-red·, which pursue the Enterprise, and yellow, which attack starbases-they will change color if not destroyed and commit hari kiri by colliding with the Enterprise. Each collision costs the Enterprise two shields. And, as the captain, you mustn't forget the blue Anti-Matter Saucers 1that are allied with the Klingons. These appear randomly and try to att ach themselves to the Enterprise, draining it of its warp drive energy. They can be destroyed with phasers only, and are worth 5,000 bonus points. Nomad is another Klingon ally. This little device appears in the last level of a sector. It scatters explosives throughout the sector and detonates them when the last one has been laid. It moves rapidly, but if you can des troy it with your phasers before it has finished its work you will gain bonus points and the Enterprise will suffer no damage. Easier said than done. Having destroyed the Klingons in Sector 1.1, you advance to Sector 1.2, 1.3 and later to Sectors 2, 3 and beyond As you progress through the sectors the action gets faster and deadlier. If you can get beyond Sector 6. you are a better starship commander than I. The graphics in Star Trek are clean of line and functional. There's not much to see in outer space, you know. Sound is used to represent the explo sion of torpedoes and the firing of phasers. You als6 hear a plink when a Klingon crashes into the hull of the Enterprise. The voice synthesizer is used more effectively in this game than in Parsec. The voice is much clearer in this game. It announces the sector number as you enter it and offers such encouragement as "excel lent manuevering, captain" during the course of the game. Color is well integrated into the game. both in terms of function and appearance. Although the 3-D viewer takes up half the display screen. its function is limited. It provides a close-up view of oncoming Klingons and torpedoes and has a targeting feature to use with the phasers. However. if you haven't already destroyed the Klingons before they loom large in front of the bridge you can be sure that the Enterprise will suffer damage. Everything on this screen moves fast as you rotate the bridge to put the target in view. You will be able to watch only one screen at a time so your best bet is to destroy the Klingons before they get near the Enterprise. The depiction of Klingon vessels and other objects is more fully developed in the viewer than the gra phics used by the radar screen. Points are scored for each Klingon. Anti-Matter Saucer and Nomad des troyed. Points are also accumulated for using a starbase. though you can get four times as many points for not using a starbase. A multiplication fac tor is used in tallying the score based on the .. round" number. For example. Sector 1.1 is round 1 and Sector 1.2 is round 2. This factor affects points awarded for all but the Anti-Matter Saucer. Ease of Use: This game can be played with joysticks or the keyboard. I prefer the keybaord because not all joystick commands come naturally. For example. to move the Enterprise forward in warp drive. you have to pull the stick back. Very unnatural. The keyboard commands use the left and right arrow keys for direction and the H-J-K-L keys for everything else. Documentation: TI has once again provided an excellent manual for its software. It includes strategy tips as well as the usual how-to material. Value: I enjoyed playing this game, but I reached my level of competence after several hours. I've little hope of getting beyond the sixth sector. But for those who think they can do better everytime they play a game. this one will provide quite a challenge.
— JK
